The Science of Mental Health

Disclaimer: This post discusses sensitive topics related to mental health, including depression, addiction, and other psychological conditions, with the intention of providing educational insights. While the information is based on scientific research, it is not meant to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you or someone you know is experiencing mental health challenges, see the bottom of this page for available resources. Our team is always here to support peers, if you’d like to talk send us an email!

The Science of Mental Health: Understanding the Brain

Mental health is an integral part of our overall well-being, influencing how we think, feel, and behave daily. But what exactly is happening in the brain when we experience anxiety, depression, or stress? The science of mental health explores the intricate processes that govern our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. By understanding the neurobiology behind mental health, we can better appreciate how these conditions arise, and how to treat them.

The Brain

When it comes to mental health, the brain's complex networks of neurons and neurotransmitters play a significant role in shaping our emotional and psychological states. The brain is made up of different regions, each responsible for specific functions. For example, the amygdala, a part of the limbic system, helps process emotions like fear and anxiety, while the prefrontal cortex is involved in decision-making, self-control, and rational thinking. These regions communicate through intricate neural pathways, and are always influenced by our experiences, genetics and interactions with each other. However, when these pathways become disrupted— by genetics, trauma, or external factors—it can affect mental health.

Neurotransmitters and Mental Health

Neurotransmitters are chemicals in the brain that transmit signals between nerve cells. Common neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine are heavily involved in regulating mood, behavior, and emotional responses. These neurotransmitters all work in unison, however you may be more familiar with their "individual" roles. There are many differences in the function of neurotransmitters during periods of high stress or low mood. However, some medications are created to address unique patterns of neurotransmitter functioning or imbalances associated with disorders like anxiety and depression.

Serotonin: helps regulate mood, sleep, and appetite. Low levels of serotonin are commonly associated with depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders. A common medication used for treatment of depression known as Prozac, works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin to increase its level within the brain.

Dopamine: involved in motivation, pleasure, and reinforcement. A deficiency in dopamine has been linked to conditions like depression and Parkinson’s disease, while an excess can contribute to mental health issues like addiction or schizophrenia.

The Role of Genetics

Mental health conditions don't arise from brain chemistry alone—they also have a genetic component. Twin and family studies have shown that certain mental health disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression, tend to run in families, suggesting a genetic predisposition.

However, it’s not as simple as inheriting a “mental health gene.” Rather, genetic factors interact with environmental triggers—such as stress, trauma, or substance abuse—to increase the risk of developing a mental health condition. For instance, someone with a family history of depression may be more likely to experience it themselves, but environmental factors (like a significant life stressor) may still play a major role in triggering the disorder.

The Importance of Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity is the brain’s remarkable ability to change and adapt throughout life. It’s a concept that offers hope, especially for those struggling with mental health disorders. The brain is not a static organ—its neural pathways can be rewired through learning, experience, and therapeutic interventions.

For example, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) works by helping individuals recognize and change negative thought patterns, which can actually lead to structural changes in the brain. Similarly, regular physical exercise, meditation, and mindfulness practices have been shown to promote neuroplasticity, helping to improve mood and reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. To learn more about these interventions, check out our Instagram page (@projecthappinessqueens), where we highlight meditation and mindfulness!

Moving Forward: Integrating Science and Compassion

Understanding the science of mental health is essential for developing effective treatments and interventions. Contrary to popular belief, mental health is not just a biological condition—it is deeply tied to social, emotional, and psychological factors. As science continues to uncover the inner workings of the brain, it’s crucial that we also foster a compassionate approach to mental health care, recognizing the importance of stigma reduction, therapy, support systems, and self-care. Ultimately, by blending scientific insights with a holistic, empathetic approach, we can create a more supportive and effective mental health care landscape for those who need it most.

Additional Resources

If you or anyone you know is currently struggling, visit these online local resources offered by Queen’s University: 

1. Student Wellness Services - mental health support hotline (613) 533-2506

2. Campus Security and Emergency Services - for emergencies (613) 533-6111

3. Project Happiness Email: projecthappiness@clubs.queensu.ca

Other resources: 

1. Canadian Mental Health Association - Ontario Division - (416)-977-5580

2. Suicide Crisis Helpline: 9-8-8

Follow-Up Readings:

1. Neurotransmitters—Key Factors in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115954

2. The neuroscience of mental illness: Building toward the future: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.09.028

3. Mental Health: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health

4. Emotional Wellness Toolkit: https://www.nih.gov/health-information/emotional-wellness-toolkit

   
   

By: Ashley Wilson